I'm Jewish and I saw during the scene where the boys were praying that Grace and the other girls were in the women's gallery. In old synagogues in Europe and around the world you can see a portion of the synagogue behind a screen or raised, behind a high balcony. This is the section where women and girls were seated behind the men and boys, who sat in front. In traditional Orthodox Jewish services men and women sit in separate sections in the synagogue - I've never been to Hassidic services but I believe that Hassidic women also sit apart from men. The idea behind the custom is that mingling of the sexes is generally frowned upon, as this leads to frivolity, which itself may lead to the men and women not being able to interact fully during a religious service, or it might lead to distraction or impure thoughts. In some synagogues there is a mechitza (partition) dividing the left and right sides of the synagogue rather than the front from the back, as this is seen being more equal than seating the women in the back further away from the service. In modern Orthodox synagogues families and men and women sit together and there is no separation of the sexes. There's more information about the separation of the sexes in Judaism here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_separation_in_Judaism
It's common in Orthodox and religious Jewish schools to have classes for boys and classes for girls. I grew up in Miami in a large Jewish community. My family was not Orthodox: we went to a Conservative synagogue and when I went to school there, for nursery school, Kindergarten and Hebrew classes, the boys and girls sat together and learned together.
Traditionally religious Jews often follow The custom of separating the men from women at social events such as weddings and Bar Mitzvahs. I have cousins who are frum (observant) and attended a religious school like the yeshiva Grace and Tucker attended in the movie. When my eldest cousin had his Bar Mitzvah the reception was held in a social hall with a mechitza on the dance floor. The men sat on one side, the women sat on the other, and they danced separately. I could only dance with my mother, my female cousins, and the other female guests. We could see over the dividing screens and talk to the men on the other side. Very religious Jews follow laws restricting them touching the opposite sex, and this was one reason why there was no mixed gender dancing allowed.
Grace believed in the customs of modest dressing for women and girls followed by Hassidic and Ultra Orthodox Jews. Very religious Jewish women follow the commandant for married women to keep their heads covered- this is practiced as a symbol of their married status, and as Grace says, the custom is meant to indicate that the married woman should not be a temptation to other men. Some religious women I knew wore a scarf covering part of their head. Other women follow the commandment by wearing a scarf that hides all of their hair, others wear a wig that hides their natural hair, some wear a wig and a scarf or hat over the wig. When I was in school in Israel I heard that some very pious women go to the extent of shaving their heads - this was said with a hint of mockery however.
I've read several articles criticizing the separation of men from women on buses in Israel, and criticizing attempts to limit access to the Western Wall by women. One of the objections is the small group of ultra Orthodox Jews and Hasidic Jews shouldn't be allowed to enforce their beliefs on the rest of Israeli society, which is mostly more liberal or non religious. Personally, I dislike the practice of dividing men and women. I'm happy to follow the custom for people are observant, like my cousins: I didn't mind staying on the side with the women during the reception. Twice when I moved to different cities I didn't want to join Orthodox synagogues that separated the women during the services: I chose to join a more liberal congregation. Many Jewish people who are liberal or aren't religious don't like the practice of dividing the sexes either. Some of them think of it as an Old Country custom. In the movie of Fiddler on the Roof (set in early 20th century Russia) some of the guests at a wedding object to the dividing of the men and women and their not being able to dance together: they protest it's old fashioned. Even back then some Jews wanted more equality between the sexes and more adaption to general society.
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