In the middle to upper-middle class neighborhood where this is set, yes they were actually quite common back then - especially if there were kids in the family.
By the point where the show has gotten up to so far (perhaps a month or two after the airing of "The Day After", which was November 20, 1983 - I haven't noticed any Christmas/holidays stuff but they could be later than that already), my family had a lot of electronic gizmos and two real computers.
Several of those Mattel pocket games (Football, etc), one of the brown fake woodgrain plastic Pong clones (it had Pong, "tennis" and "hockey" modes) with paddle controllers, an Atari 2600 with at least 20 games (most bought on sale, from friends, etc - but a few were prized Christmas presents as a kid lol a NEW GAME), a Commodore Vic-20 (media on cartridges, or type in your own BASIC programs), a TI-99/4A (media on cartridges or tape drive), Speak and Spell, etc. I won't even get into the VHS decks, stereo gear, etc.
My neighbors were pretty similar in that regard - except one neighbor had an Apple II. That was a seriously expensive computer at the time. They had an Intellivision, split style camcorder (camera unit was separate from the tape deck and had a big ass cable connecting them, plus limited battery life), Betamax and VHS, etc.
They have a Commie 64 in The Americans, which had only been out for about a year, but at least it wasn't anachronistic. A lot of people bought those TI-99s and Vic-20s when they went on steep discount, but a few savvy people knew that the Commie 64 was a really rock solid machine at a very good price. Although it started out at almost US$600, once they got volume production going, they got the unit down to the same price as the floppy drive - which was by far the most complex component in the setup for the era. Making bulk batches of printed circuit boards with all of the components in the right spot... pretty easy, all things considered; but those pesky floppy disks were pretty new to the consumer market and had some growing pains and oddities (like the Apple II boot up noise, the Commie 64 floppy drive "sounds of death" clicking and banging noises)
My family got our Commodore 64 about a year after The Day After aired - PC, printer, and floppy disk drive; it connected to a TV. It was better than the Coleco Adam one of my friends had, and in most regards was FAR superior to the far more expensive Apple II.
A lot of people had them. They were selling around 2 million units a year around when the end of season 4 takes place, and that's just the Commie 64. Add on the Atari PCs, Coleco Adam, Apple II, IBM, Compaq/Amstrad/etc, Tandy's TRS-80 and related lines, so many more that I've forgotten about.
The simple fact, however, is that personal computers were really common in the type of income bracket shown by the people in the show.
Sure, there were situations like "that one kid in the trailer park with the Commie 64" who was the odd man out in his neighborhood - some had one for every few houses on any given block - other neighborhoods had a computer for each kid, even back then.
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