Some background info: The US had nothing to do with the situation in Texas. The Mexican Government invited Americans and Europeans to come and colonize the land with big promises - no taxes, blind eye to religion, free trade, etc. The Mexican government went back on the promise when Santa Anna came into power. He attempted to - literally - abolish every state government and centralize it all in Mexico City.
The people in Texas - with unique problems and situations - wanted to govern their local issues. Imagine if you needed the government to build a road between two cities. Rather than going to the local state capitol on horseback, you'd have to travel days to the coast, pay for and hope a sailing ship can take you down to Vera Cruz, then find lodging there and transportation to Mexico City where the bureaucracy was INSANE. Maybe you'd get someone to listen to you, most likely not. These were poor farmers who could hardly afford tableware, let alone travel.
What happened in Texas was part of a broader civil war within Mexico as a whole. The Texans succeeded in breaking off, as did Yucatan. Mexico was a disaster of a government, abusive and unrelenting. Santa Anna rose to power through lies and then became a mass murdering dictator. Texans were pissed, as anyone would be.
In terms of why they were defending it - yeah, they didn't have to at all. Sam Houston wanted to blow up the whole place and retreat back and protect the Texan Colonies. Travis and Bowie didn't listen (a big problem in the Texan army), believing San Antonio could be a big supply point for Mexican army crossing in. They were right about that, but San Antonio was quite isolated and far from the colonies and therefore pointless. Houston's argument made more sense.
Also worth noting - legally, yes, Texas belonged to Mexico. So did Arizona, New Mexico, and California. But Mexico never had the resources or manpower to govern any of these places and they were virtually ignored until the Mexican Army came in and started killing people. They essentially operated as their own little nations, even under the Mexican flag.
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