The liver can be failing without having cancer of the liver. In layman's terms, a diseased liver has severe scarring, which prevents blood from passing through it. Scarring of the liver is called cirrhosis.
Cirrhosis is a slowly progressing disease in which healthy liver tissue is replaced with scar tissue, eventually preventing the liver from functioning properly. The scar tissue blocks the flow of blood through the liver and slows the processing of nutrients, hormones, drugs, and naturally produced toxins. It also slows the production of proteins and other substances made by the liver.
Hepatitis C, fatty liver, and alcohol abuse are the most common causes of cirrhosis of the liver in the U.S., but anything that damages the liver can cause cirrhosis.
http://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/cirrhosis-liver
Essentially, Huntingdon's liver was likely severely scarred at the time he fell from his horse (the result of years of excessive drinking, no doubt). His liver was so diseased that when he started abusing alcohol again, it killed him pretty quickly. That said, his liver was probably so diseased that he would have died anyhow, but perhaps not quite as quickly.
the doctor said he was out of dangerThe doctor wouldn't have known/ understood about the diseased liver. With severe liver disease, Huntingdon would also have had low blood platelet counts and that means his blood doesn't clot propery. Additionaly, another side-effect of liver disease is varices occurring in other organs (e.g. esophagus and stomach). (When blood cannot pass through the liver because of cirrhosis/scarring in the liver, great pressure builds up in the vessels leading to the liver, causing varices/varicose veins in other organs, such as the esophagus and stomach. The blood vessel walls become so thin that eventually there is bleeding in those organs.) With bleeding varices and compromised blood clotting ability, he was in severe danger of bleeding to death.
If the doctor had bled Huntingdon (as part of his treatment) it would have hastened his death, since his blood wasn't clotting properly due to a low platelet count. (Bleeding him would have hastened his death.)
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