Korean Bugouts


To Anyone Interested in the Korean War,

This was a fine film, and the troops who fought this action were beyond praise.

Has anyone else, however, noticed that in the Korean conflict American troops mostly ran away, often shedding not only their weapons but their boots, in order to run faster. There was, to name one among many, the Big Bugout.

Historians have drawn attention to the failures in company-level leadership, and they have pointed out that the same seems to have happened in Viet Nam.

In Korea, British, Canadian and Australian soldiers did not run away.

Is running away an American tradition? There seems to have been a lot of it in the Civil War.

I look forward to being corrected on this issue, and would be quite happy to enter into a heated debate.

TGOC



reply

tgoc:

I think we hammered this particular thread on the 'Longest Day' Board...


nickm

reply

In the summer of 1950 some American units that may have become lax during occupation duty of South Korea did not respond properly to the invasion and fell back in disorganized fashion. That American units beginning in Sept 1950 began to push back the North Koreans with the landing at Inchon is testimony to the fighting that took place.

In Sept 1950 British, Canadian, and Aussie infanty units had not yet entered the fray.

reply

alexis:

Yes that was the bit that was discussed on the 'Longest Day' board; another bit that wasn't was that infantry regiment made up solely of Black Soldiers...that unit suffered from poor leadership on the part of the officers assigned to it---due to the nature of the attitudes of the day, officers assigned to it were either 'duds' or viewed the assignment as a 'dud' assignment & didn't really do a good job as leaders...so when the 'lead started to fly' the rank & file infantrymen took off...

nickm

reply

Yes, but when British Empire units DID enter the fray, they did not bug out.

Why is this so hard for you?

TGOC

reply

Tgoc:

Reference our discussions on the 'Longest Day' board; same issues as before;

NM

reply

For a take on British, American, Australian, and Canadian soldiers, read Max Hastings books on the ends of the Pacific War, the ETO, and D-Day in WWII. You'll find a lot about troops, equipment, training. Such as in WWII, when Canada finally instituted a draft, 75% of the draftees deserted when just called up. (Hastings is British, by the way.) American INFANTRY (not the rest of the services and elite units) were never staffed with the best soldiers, often performed less-than-perfectly under fire, and were usually under-trained. They still got the job done.

I'd only enter into a heated debate if you can cite actual scholarly research that says that only the Americans ever ran. Perhaps the Canadians (far fewer than the American presence) never made it to combat, and still had the WWII system where only volunteers could be sent into combat. All four nations had valorous and not-so-valorous personnel, so let's not generalize so much.

And the Civil War? Why not go back to the Seven Years War?

Sometimes life is like asking strangers for directions to the Susquehanna Hat Company.

reply

Dear Paul:

I regard Sir Max Hastings as a supreme authority on Korea and other conflicts. If you agree with him, you and I have no quarrel.

TGOC

reply

I don't know what Hastings said about the Korean War, so I can't say I agree with him. I wrote of his opinions on WWII soldiers. I do disagree with you, as your premise is unsubstantiated by anything I've ever read about Korea.

Sometimes life is like asking strangers for directions to the Susquehanna Hat Company.

reply

Dear Paul,

I wonder if we have reached a misunderstanding.

If you know Hastings book about “Overlord”, you will know that he thinks that British and American infantrymen were not as ferocious as the Germans – and he makes the point that it is to the credit of the societies that produced them that they were not.

With regard to Korea – and if you have not read his book “The Korean War” you should – he seems to provide fairly well-documented accounts about “bugouts”. I don’t know if that amounts to scholarly or not.

Perhaps we could expand this discussion. We all know where the American Army was in 1945, in Korea and Viet Nam. These were low-level troops. Or at least that is my impression. I would welcome enlightenment from you, and would enjoy any further discussion of topics of this nature.

Yours,

TGOC

P.S. Please don't think that I am trying to pursue some sort of The-British-Were-Better-than-the Americans.

My reason for posting my thoughts is that I wish to engage in conversation with anyone who is, like me, interested in these matters.

reply

One very good book to read up on the Korean War is The Forgotten War by Clair Blair. Also One Bugle No Drums by William B. Hopkins has a report compiled by SLA Marshall that offers comparison of the USMC at Chosin with the Second Division retreat at Kunu-ri. The US Army report is Commentary on Infantry and Weapons in Korea 1950-51.
It is not fair to compare the US Army units with the Commonwealth units as the latter were smaller regular formations more comparable to the USMC units in Korea which did not bug out. Pre-War, the US Army units in the Far East were hamstrung with high turnover, lack of training space in crowded Japan and problems with equipment. Equipment such as rifles, mortars, radios and vehicles were often worn out or nonexistent and time did not permit these deficiencies to be adequately overcome before they entered combat. Also less than stellar leadership at divisional, corps and HQ level exacerbated the problem. Too many overage or unqualified commanders were kept in command. Ned Almond, X Corps Commander deserves special blame for a number of setbacks including the Chosin debacle. Another problem was the problem of using KUSTA, Korean augmentees in nearly all of the Army units with problems in communication and unit cohesion.

It would be comparable to using British defeats in Greece or Singapore to judge the British fighting soldier. Apples and oranges.

reply

Dear gmst:

Thank you for your message. And you are, of course, quite right in all that you say, especially about the make-up, comparatively, of the US Marines and army units. You will forgive me, I hope, if I point out, however, that a great many of the British soldiers -- the actor Michael Caine was one of them -- were conscripts doing their "national service." Of course they were serving in regiments -- the Glousters, for example-- who were officered and nco'd by regulars. I hope that I may be forgiven for my remarks about the British and Commonwealth units on the grounds, first, of patriotism -- my allegiance is Canadian and British -- and, secondly on the ground that the role of the British and Commonwealth forces, which was of course numerically small, has often been neglected in accounts of this "forgotten war."

I notice that you mention SLA Marshall; he is, in my view, the greatest American Military Historian. The Korean war is one of my interests, and I promise you that I will obtain and read the two books that you mention. You might enjoy "The Korean War" by Sir Max Hastings.

Sincerely,

TGOC

reply

Thank you TGOC,
The bravery and professionalism of the Commonwealth soldiers and the sacrifices of the First Battalion, Gloucestershire Regiment, is often forgotten or overlooked by Americans. The British were left holding the bag on a couple of occasions, including Task Force Drysdale, but in the latter, they were with American soldiers and Marines who were also abandoned to die or be captured. My copy of One Bugle No Drums is falling apart from being read so often. The author was a lawyer and ran for Congress, I believe. I think that this is apparent in his appreciation of the Korean people that is often lacking other American histories.
If you can, US Marines in Korea, Vol. 2: 1953, by Lee Ballenger not only give an excellent account of the US Marines in the same area and about the same time as Pork Chop Hill, but has some interesting comments about the difference in style between the US Army and the Marines when the former relieved the latter on the Jamestown Line.
The Marines were also leavened with enlistees and they also suffered their share of early embarrassing mistakes. I believe that the British Army had enough hot spots after the war to maintain a higher level of professionalism, for example Palestine, and perhaps Greece and Malaya. Also Truman and his Secy of Defense Louis Johnson tried to downsize the military to balance the budget, too much in many people's eyes, but the Military also spent much of what was left on big ticket weapon systems and peacetime expenses. They often forgot that the purpose of a soldier is to fight and if necessary, to die, and the Army was not a ticket to visit foreign countries. Peacetime habits die hard. I suspect that one reason that the US Marines performed better was that between the wars, they had more combat service in Latin America and China than the Army did. So the culture was different.
I also admire SLA Marshall and think that his comments about the number of soldiers who actually fired in battle was the reason that his reputation was challenged. I also think in a similar vein, that Steven Ambrose's comments about Troop Carrier Command in Band Of Brothers led the people looking for reasons to discredit his research.
One should also say that the PLA used the same tactics that they learned in successfully fighting the Nationalist in similar terrain, and with similar results. They were tough fighter and as time passed, became even better. And if the South Koreans had been equipped on the scale of the Americans, they would have performed much better against the Chinese, incompetent generals or not.

Best wishes,
Grant

reply

Dear Grant:

Many thanks for your most interesting message. It is a pleasure to discuss these matters with someone who knows about them.

I suspect that you know far more about recent American military history than I do. But I think that we are equally interested in these matters.

Incidentally, if you actually need a new copy of "One Bugle No Drums", you could google "Abebooks" -- a second-hand search-engine -- and buy one for very little. I ordered a copy from them for almost nothing. And speaking of books, you might enjoy Anthony Farrar-Hockley's "The Edge of the Sword." He was an officer in the Gloucestershires, captured at the Imjin river, who made repeated escape attempts from prison camps. He was a fine example of that kind of Englishman who will " never surrender."

I share with you an admiration for the USMC; when I was twelve, I read a book called "Strong Men Armed" about their Pacific battles. I wanted to join up. Chesty Puller and all that. It was a little bit awkward in that I was, and am, a Canadian. The Royal Marines should have had a better public relations effort.

The whole question of what S.L.A. Marshall has written is another, fascinating question. I have never been a soldier, or anything like it, but I strongly suspect that what he wrote about how men behave in combat is pretty true. His analysis of small units in combat, and how they function, just has the ring of truth. There is reason to think that most of us in the English-speaking world are not natural soldier-killers. We have never been subject to conscription and have no tradition of military training. It is to our credit, I think, that when we -- English, American, Canadians and others -- have been forced to become soldiers, we have not done all that badly. The Germans are another story, at least as traditional armies go. I think that most historians who have studied the 1944-45 European war have admitted that the Germans out-soldiered us, man for man. This is worth discussing. But, of course, the main thing to remember is that WE WON.

In Korea and Viet-Nam, different proportions applied. America could not win in Viet-Nam, I think, because, in the end, almost every Vietnamese wanted them to go away. Malaya was another story because the communist and anti-communist sympathizers were closer to being equal, and the British were faster to learn how to fight elusive, jungle-hidden enemies. But it was a much smaller war, and perhaps that made it easier. Still -- forgive me -- I cannot help wondering if the American Army in Vietnam might not have helped itself by asking for a bit of advice from the Brits who had been in this kind of thing before.

Do you take an interest in other areas of military history? If so, I would love to discuss with you anything that interests you.

Yours Ever,

TGOC

reply

You started the OP by asking if bugging out was an American tradition and later claim with flowerly language that you are only desiring a conversation?

Unlikely or extremely poor choice of grammar.

Plenty of bug outs in British Army history including the classic account mentioned by Hastings of the battalion in Normandy where the CO had to draw his revolver to stop the men.

reply

Dear ccorraliza:

I would be very grateful if you could point out my "poor choice of grammar", in that I try to write clearly. I don't know what you mean by "flowerly(sic) language". I write standard English, with which, perhaps, you are unfamiliar.

If you have read Hasting's book about Normandy, you will know, clearly, that not all British, or Canadian, regiments performed well. Few "bugged out" but some were not over-zealous. On the other hand, earlier in the war, Americans ran for their lives at Kassarine, in north Africa.

I assure you that I did not mean to suggest that "bugging out" was an American tradition. History -- of the USMC, for example -- makes clear that it would be absurd to think so. I was just saying that Korea was not, perhaps, the United States Army's finest episode.

Yours,

TGOC

























reply

Poor choice example? Your OP which asked if bugging out was an American tradition. Your words. Your selection. Poor choice unless you believe that was the ideal phrasing to use.

Hasting gave an example of panic by a British battalion.

You did everything as I state.

No recanting now will help you.

That is all.

reply

All right then. Yes, Hastings mentions one British Battalion that failed -- I assume you mean the battalion of the Duke of Wellington's Regiment. Hastings also mentions, in his book about the Korean war, that entire American divisions bugged-out. If you believe him ( Hastings ) in one instance, you have to believe him in another.

I am still waiting for you to point out my faults of grammar.

I am not recanting anything. The American Army has frequently bugged out. Would you like to discuss Viet Nam?

Yours,

TGOC

reply

Grammar: You claim differently than what you wrote. Poor grammar selection then as we are communicating via written format. So there it is you claim to have meant one position but your grammar selection clearly indicates another.

Your rejoinder above tells me that I was correct in stating your original intent to condemn the reputation of the U.S. Army. Something which you protested was not the case in the post prior to this.

I admire Hastings but have not read his Korean War book.

Your comments and flip-flopping on position do not make you a worthwhile person to discuss an important subject with. You are either poorly read or have not properly analyzed what you have read regarding military history.

I read the posts in this thread and noticed your technique.

reply

Dear ccorraliza:

I don't think that you know what grammar is.

If you love the United States Army -- as you have every right to do -- you should know that it has had its ups and downs.

I think that it is likely that I know more about military history than you do. What can you tell me of the Battle of Cannae? Or of Waterloo, for that matter? Have you read the books of the great American military historian S.L.A. Marshall?

What are your credentials? I have a degree from Oxford; not that that should intimidate you in any way. If you know what the word "intimidate" means.

Yours,

TGOC

reply

I do know what grammar is.

I do not love the U.S. Army. I noted your comment regarding bugouts being a U.S. tradition and then the passive condescension on your part in the posts which followed.

As I wrote above, you are an unsuitable person to have a discussion with. The premise of your OP, your presentation, and how you have responded leads me to believe you are a poor reader and analyst.

reply

I notice that you did not answer any of my questions. Is that because I am "unsuitable" or because you have no answers? You say that I am a poor reader and analyst. Point out my mistakes. Support your contentions.

Yours,

TGOC

reply

You notice little then.

It is for you too see what your own trespasses are and to resolve them.

reply

Dear ccoraliza:

I ask you, in all sincerity, to tell me what my trespasses are.

Clearly, I have offended you, in my original post, but I do not understand the exact nature of my trespasses.

The issue of American "bug outs" in the early part of the Korean war is so well established amongst military historians, that I find it hard to believe that that is the issue about which we differ.

Do you object to my style of writing?

I would be happy to resolve my trespasses, if you would be so kind as to tell me what they are.

Yours,

TGOC

reply

No one who is both well read or mature would ever write the following:

"Is running away an American tradition?" This was not take out of context either.

Oxford did their work poorly.

reply

Dear ccorraliza:

Did you not know that that past participle of the verb "to take" -- admittedly an irreguler verb-- is "taken" not "take". In other words, you should have written: "This was not taken out of context either."

Your uncertain command of English is neither here nor there as far as I am concerned. But you really ought to read Sir Max Hastings book about the Korean war. His command of the facts, and of the English language, is better than yours or mine.

Yours,

TGOC

reply

I can and will claim typographical error.

What is your excuse for the original comment and then the passive aggressive responses which have littered this thread?

Do not stray from the original question. Why did you claim running away is an American tradition?

You seem to have the Internet version of ADD so here it is again:

Your comments and flip-flopping on positions do not make you a worthwhile person to discuss an important subject with. You are either poorly read or have not properly analyzed what you have read regarding military history.

I read the posts in this thread and noticed your technique.

reply

There were two major "bugouts". Early in the war, when the North Koreans were advancing, and later, when China shocked the UN side by entering the war, which produced rapid retreats which were sometimes unnecessary. At various points in the first year of the war there was a fear of being outflanked and surrounded, sometimes triggered by small NK or Chinese units infiltrating over mountain ranges, avoiding the roads and then setting up roadblocks behind their enemies. This sometimes created panic and the loss of unit cohesion among UN troops. I would say the performance of the US Army was patchy in the Korean War, for various reasons, though US marines consistently performed well. But "running away an American tradition?" No.

"Chicken soup - with a *beep* straw."

reply

Dear ccorraliza:

Did you forefathers have anything to do with Chandra Bose?

TGOC

reply

No.

Do yours have any relation to John Amery?

reply

Because the troops hastily thrown into battle could not be greener :
those on occupation duty in Japan.
The veterans of the Pacific War have all gone home and settled down
to well deserved quiet lives .
The USMC was as good as disbanded.
Later to reactivate the First Marine Division for the Inchon Landing,
US Embassies around the world had to be scoured for Marine Guards
to fill in its ranks.

Task Force Smith, the first American combat force thrown in the cauldron,
was destroyed in battle and its Colonel killed while fighting the enemy
and not bugging out.
Later, General William F. Dean commanding the 24th Infantry Division was
captured by the "North Korean People's Army"(NKPA) while securing his
troops withdrawal from Taejon.
Before that, intrepid war reporter Marguerite Higgins while covering the
battle of Chinju, was witness to one of the American worst string of defeats
in this early phase of the conflict.

It was these badly battered troops however, along with the brave remnants
of the Taehan Minkuk Army, who held the line against the ferocious NKPA
during its rampage drive toward the Naktong River.

The only tanks the Americans had on hand at the time were a few lightweight
M-24(playing American armor in "The Battle Of The Bulge")
whose 3-inch guns failed to impress the giant Soviet-built T-34/85
(American-engines-powered !) the NKPA so lavishly used.
General Walker commanding the 8th Army, once during the Pusan Perimeter fighting
had to stop a young US Army Tank Squadron commander in his puny M-24
from foolhardily "slugging it out" with the giant NKPA T-34s !
Only later, when the 90mm-gun-Pershing tanks came with
the Marines, was the firepower balance reestablished.
What those bugouts - both Americans and South Koreans - accomplished was
really astonishing given the ferocity - and the savagery - of the North Korean onslaught.

When the first US Marines landed on the docks of Pusan Harbor, their boots
remained dry because the soil bordering the defense perimeter was soaked with
the blood of those so-called Korean Bugouts, including that of their own comrades hastily thrown in battle in July 1950.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------

Were they all bugouts there would be neither a prosperous nor powerful
South Korea aka Taehan Minkuk today.

Were bugging out an American tradition, there would be no Free World
for you to live in and write your anti-American posts, OP.

An Oxford degree is no guarantee of realistic insight,
but surely one for the post of armchair strategist.

reply

Thanks Lezard. You have apparently studied this as much as I have, maybe a bit more an I. Among the first books I read on Korea was "This Kind of War" by T.R. Fehrenbach. In another book I read where the army tactical weapon the M65 280mm atomic cannon was rumored to have moved to Okinawa and was leaked to the Chinese in 1953 which got them to negotiate.

reply

And I think the death of 'Uncle Joe' Stalin, who seemed to want to fight to the last North Korean and PRC soldier...




Why can't you wretched prey creatures understand that the Universe doesn't owe you anything!?

reply

Irrelevant to the events of Pork Chop Hill, which took place a month after Stalin's death (which was in March 1953). It is possible that there was more will to negotiate following Stalin's death, but some of the most vicious fighting took place in the last two months of the war before the cease-fire.

"Chicken soup - with a *beep* straw."

reply

OK...noted.



Why can't you wretched prey creatures understand that the Universe doesn't owe you anything!?

reply

Mr. barjo4,
Yes, very true.
The Chicoms didn't want to test it on themselves.

By the way, author Fehrenbach has also written "This Kind of Peace" 1966.

reply