The movie is very fictionalized, but is generally correct in the historical aspects of the creation of the US Navy's Construction Battalions. During WWII, the island-hopping campaign in the Pacific required building airstrips on various islands. During the first year, the military tried using civilian contractors, but then realized this was not a good idea because of exposure to fire but without lawful right to fire back.
So the Seabees were formed. Since the war had been on for a little more than a year, most "able-bodied" men had already been drafted or had enlisted. This left those who had not yet been drafted, those who were older, and those physically unfit for military service. The original SeaBees were those who already had construction experience but who were either older than typical or were yet to be drafted. At that time, the Navy offered no construction training, so only those with real construction experience were needed, and so someone "Fred Mertz's" age was not that uncommon. In fact, the average age of a SeaBee during WWII was about 40.
The Navy soon started offering "A-School" construction training to recruits that met the aptitude tests. The SeaBees continue to this day, having played vital roles in Korea, Vietnam, Panama, the first Gulf War, and the current Iraq and Afghanistan engagements. In Korea and Vietnam, SeaBees landed with front-line troops.
Generally, as in the original days of the SeaBees, the battalions have a primary mission of construction, with a secondary mission of protecting their work sites from enemy combatants. SeaBee Battalions average around 650 men and women, arranged in military formation (companies, squads, fireteams), with an M-16 as standard issue for enlisted personnel, and wear camoflauge appropriate to the terrain. Considered a combat unit, SeaBee battalions were only men until 1994, at which time women were integrated into the deployable combat units.
SeaBee battalions are usually assigned to support Marine units, providing various support ranging from rapidly building runways capable of landing jet aircraft and helocopters, repairing damaged runways, providing temporary battlefield housing, and building general facilities. SeaBees have been involved in constuction missions during the Croatian conflict, Somalia, and both gulf wars.
The SeaBees have also served in many humanitarian missions, using the same skills to provide impoverished nations with schools, housing and communications capabilities. SeaBees have assisted in Haiti, Panama, South Asia and several African countries, and were crucial to the Cuban/Haitian refugee crisis in 1994-1995,earning various commendations from the US government and the UN, including the Humanitarian Service Medal (HumDu).
Currently, SeaBees are serving in hostile theaters in Afghanistan and Iraq, as well as in many humanitarian roles around the world.
Constructimus Battimus (we build, we fight)
[I was a Seabee from 1990-1996 active duty and reserve in NMCB-5 and NMCB-22 (NMCB= Naval Mobile Construction Battalion).
(On a side note, I believe wholeheartedly in the work of the SeaBees, but not in the decision-making of our current military leaders.)
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