I agree that the phrase was picked up and used by people not intending any racist context. It lasted into the sixties and even seventies, well past the legal extermination of the Jim Crow laws that spawned it. I think it lasted because it includes six syllables,"(1) Free, (2) white, (3) and (4) twen (5) ty - (6) one." with the fifth syllable nearly subsumed into the fourth. Maybe I am over-analyzing it, but I think the phrase held on to its popularity because the rhythm of the syllables meets poetic convention, specifically iambic pentameter, the most popular. It is like a song or a jingle such as, "Things go better with Coke."
I didn't like the phrase when I first heard it and I still don't. I get what it means, but we live in America where we are all free and equal before the law. The phrase is archaic and obsolete. It is good to remember it as part of history, but I would be ashamed to be heard saying it except in a historical reference. We should remember our history, not continue to live it.
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