At the beginning of the film he wants the Jedi dead and the Queen to sign the treaty.
If the "This Is getting out of hand, now there are two of them" chaps hadn't bungled that up, Obi-Wan and Qui-Gon would have been dead, there'd have been no issue raised at the senate, with Valorum remaining as chancellor and Anakin would have been left about his business on Tatooine.
So what was Palpatine's original plan? What was he up to?
Palpatine's plan was to become chancellor by creating a crisis. Two chaps were working with him by creating the crisis with the blockade and war.
Padme would've never signed the treaty so she would've been in a prison. Jedi dead, therefore no diplomatic solution.
Palpatine would've begged for help from the Senate. He would've been the one calling for a no confidence vote. He knew he'd be voted into power with a sympathy vote since his home world had been "attacked".
It worked out in Palpatine's favor, anyway. Padme was free, but he manipulated her to call for the no confidence vote.
Palpatine still had more plans like escalating the crisis into a civil war. Then, he could ask for emergency powers which would give him unlimited power aka: dictator.
Palpatine needed the two meddlesome Jedi out of the way in case they ruined his plans which is why he sent for Maul.
Lucas studied how democracies become dictatorships. Emergency powers due to a crisis is a major way.
He knew he'd be voted into power with a sympathy vote since his home world had been "attacked".
Padme was a 14-year-old novice senator. She was never an intellectual match for Palpatine - her checkers vs his chess gameplay. Ditto the Jedi and especially Anakin.
Anakin wasn't included in Order 66. Palpatine was eyeing him as a new apprentice since he was a little kid.
According to the EU, Darth Plagueis was attempting to destroy balance in the Force with more dark side. The Midiclorians restored balance by creating Anakin. I'm not sure if Palpatine was aware of this since I haven't read the Plagueis books yet.